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| 490 BC |
| | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 487 BC |
| | Ostracism is introduced in Athens as a way of getting rid of unpopular politicians | |
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| 484 BC |
| | Aeschylus wins the prize for tragedy at the City Dionysia in Athens | |
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| 483 BC |
| | Themistocles persuades the Athenians to build up their fleet against the expected renewal of the threat from Persia | |
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| 481 BC |
| | Xerxes I, renewing the campaign of his father Darius against the Greeks, leads a large army round the Aegean and through Thrace | |
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| 480 BC |
| | 300 Spartans, led by Leonidas, die attempting to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the advancing Persian army | |
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| 480 BC |
| | Athens, abandoned to the advancing Persians, is looted and destroyed | |
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| 480 BC |
| | The Athenian fleet defeats a considerably larger Persian force in the narrow strait between Salamis and the mainland | |
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| 479 BC |
| | A Spartan army, led by Pausanias, wins a victory at Plataea, completing the rout of the Persians on the Greek mainland | |
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| 479 BC |
| | An Athenian force destroys at Mykale the remainder of the Persian fleet, ending the threat from them at sea | |
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